See кум in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"*kŭm",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Mari/kŭm"
],
[
"*kolme",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kolme"
],
[
"кым",
"кым#Western_Mari"
]
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "chm-pro",
"3": "*kŭm"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mari *kŭm",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*kolme"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *kolme",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mrj",
"2": "кым"
},
"expansion": "Western Mari кым (kym)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Mari *kŭm, from Proto-Uralic *kolme. Cognate with Western Mari кым (kym).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kum",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "numerals",
"3": "long form/predicative",
"4": "кумыт",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "кум • (kum) (long form/predicative кумыт)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "кумыт"
},
"expansion": "кум • (kum) (long form/predicative кумыт)",
"name": "mhr-num"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"кум"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"кум"
]
}
],
"lang": "Eastern Mari",
"lang_code": "mhr",
"pos": "num",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Eastern Mari cardinal numbers",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 3 94",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "mhr",
"name": "Three",
"orig": "mhr:Three",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "three days",
"roman": "kum sutka",
"text": "кум сутка",
"translation": "three days",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"three"
],
"id": "en-кум-mhr-num-i1udsME9",
"links": [
[
"three",
"three"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkum/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-um"
}
],
"word": "кум"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"кум",
"кум#Russian"
]
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "ru",
"3": "кум"
},
"expansion": "Russian кум (kum)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Russian кум (kum).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kum",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "mhr-decl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "абажур (abažur",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "кум",
"roman": "kum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влак",
"roman": "kum-vlak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумым",
"roman": "kumym",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакым",
"roman": "kum-vlakym",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумын",
"roman": "kumyn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакын",
"roman": "kum-vlakyn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумлан",
"roman": "kumlan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влаклан",
"roman": "kum-vlaklan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумге",
"roman": "kumge",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакге",
"roman": "kum-vlakge",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумла",
"roman": "kumla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакла",
"roman": "kum-vlakla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумышто",
"roman": "kumyšto",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакыште",
"roman": "kum-vlakyšte",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумыш",
"roman": "kumyš",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"short-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакыш",
"roman": "kum-vlakyš",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural",
"short-form"
]
},
{
"form": "кумышко",
"roman": "kumyško",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"long-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакышке",
"roman": "kum-vlakyške",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"long-form",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумеш",
"roman": "kumeš",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"lative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакеш",
"roman": "kum-vlakeš",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"lative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "mhr-decl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "абажур (abažur",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "кумем",
"roman": "kumem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"possessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кумна",
"roman": "kumna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"possessive"
]
},
{
"form": "кумет",
"roman": "kumet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кумда",
"roman": "kumda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"possessive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "кумжо",
"roman": "kumžo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "кумышт",
"roman": "kumyšt",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"possessive",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "кум-влак",
"5": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "кум • (kum)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "кум • (kum)",
"name": "mhr-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"кум"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"кум"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"type": "абажур"
},
"name": "mhr-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Eastern Mari",
"lang_code": "mhr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"godfather"
],
"id": "en-кум-mhr-noun-pVsBU~2~",
"links": [
[
"godfather",
"godfather"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"father (of one's godchild)"
],
"id": "en-кум-mhr-noun-S0Y4RZhF",
"links": [
[
"father",
"father"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "19 6 69 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Eastern Mari entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 7 78 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Eastern Mari абажур-type nominals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "you shouldn't show favoritism in work",
"roman": "pašašte kum ĺijšaš ogyl",
"text": "пашаште кум лийшаш огыл",
"translation": "you shouldn't show favoritism in work",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nepotism, favoritism/favouritism"
],
"id": "en-кум-mhr-noun-vFRBiL3m",
"links": [
[
"nepotism",
"nepotism"
],
[
"favoritism",
"favoritism"
],
[
"favouritism",
"favouritism"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) nepotism, favoritism/favouritism"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkum/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-um"
}
],
"word": "кум"
}
{
"categories": [
"Eastern Mari entries with incorrect language header",
"Eastern Mari lemmas",
"Eastern Mari nouns",
"Eastern Mari numerals",
"Eastern Mari terms borrowed from Russian",
"Eastern Mari terms derived from Proto-Mari",
"Eastern Mari terms derived from Proto-Uralic",
"Eastern Mari terms derived from Russian",
"Eastern Mari terms inherited from Proto-Mari",
"Eastern Mari terms inherited from Proto-Uralic",
"Eastern Mari terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Eastern Mari абажур-type nominals",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Eastern Mari/um",
"Rhymes:Eastern Mari/um/1 syllable",
"mhr:Three",
"uk:Animal sounds",
"uk:Christianity",
"uk:Male family members",
"uk:Male people",
"uk:Wolves"
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*kŭm",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Mari/kŭm"
],
[
"*kolme",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kolme"
],
[
"кым",
"кым#Western_Mari"
]
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "chm-pro",
"3": "*kŭm"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mari *kŭm",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "urj-pro",
"3": "*kolme"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Uralic *kolme",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mrj",
"2": "кым"
},
"expansion": "Western Mari кым (kym)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Mari *kŭm, from Proto-Uralic *kolme. Cognate with Western Mari кым (kym).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kum",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "numerals",
"3": "long form/predicative",
"4": "кумыт",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "кум • (kum) (long form/predicative кумыт)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "кумыт"
},
"expansion": "кум • (kum) (long form/predicative кумыт)",
"name": "mhr-num"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"кум"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"кум"
]
}
],
"lang": "Eastern Mari",
"lang_code": "mhr",
"pos": "num",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Eastern Mari cardinal numbers",
"Eastern Mari terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "three days",
"roman": "kum sutka",
"text": "кум сутка",
"translation": "three days",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"three"
],
"links": [
[
"three",
"three"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkum/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-um"
}
],
"word": "кум"
}
{
"categories": [
"Eastern Mari entries with incorrect language header",
"Eastern Mari lemmas",
"Eastern Mari nouns",
"Eastern Mari terms borrowed from Russian",
"Eastern Mari terms derived from Russian",
"Eastern Mari terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Eastern Mari абажур-type nominals",
"Pages with 10 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Eastern Mari/um",
"Rhymes:Eastern Mari/um/1 syllable",
"mhr:Three",
"uk:Animal sounds",
"uk:Christianity",
"uk:Male family members",
"uk:Male people",
"uk:Wolves"
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"кум",
"кум#Russian"
]
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "ru",
"3": "кум"
},
"expansion": "Russian кум (kum)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Russian кум (kum).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kum",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "mhr-decl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "абажур (abažur",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "кум",
"roman": "kum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влак",
"roman": "kum-vlak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумым",
"roman": "kumym",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакым",
"roman": "kum-vlakym",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумын",
"roman": "kumyn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакын",
"roman": "kum-vlakyn",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумлан",
"roman": "kumlan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влаклан",
"roman": "kum-vlaklan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумге",
"roman": "kumge",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакге",
"roman": "kum-vlakge",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумла",
"roman": "kumla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакла",
"roman": "kum-vlakla",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумышто",
"roman": "kumyšto",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакыште",
"roman": "kum-vlakyšte",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумыш",
"roman": "kumyš",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"short-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакыш",
"roman": "kum-vlakyš",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural",
"short-form"
]
},
{
"form": "кумышко",
"roman": "kumyško",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"long-form",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакышке",
"roman": "kum-vlakyške",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"illative",
"long-form",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "кумеш",
"roman": "kumeš",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"lative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кум-влакеш",
"roman": "kum-vlakeš",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"lative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "mhr-decl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "абажур (abažur",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "кумем",
"roman": "kumem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"possessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кумна",
"roman": "kumna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"possessive"
]
},
{
"form": "кумет",
"roman": "kumet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "кумда",
"roman": "kumda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"possessive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "кумжо",
"roman": "kumžo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "кумышт",
"roman": "kumyšt",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"possessive",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mhr",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "кум-влак",
"5": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "кум • (kum)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "кум • (kum)",
"name": "mhr-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"кум"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"кум"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"type": "абажур"
},
"name": "mhr-decl"
}
],
"lang": "Eastern Mari",
"lang_code": "mhr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"godfather"
],
"links": [
[
"godfather",
"godfather"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"father (of one's godchild)"
],
"links": [
[
"father",
"father"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Eastern Mari terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "you shouldn't show favoritism in work",
"roman": "pašašte kum ĺijšaš ogyl",
"text": "пашаште кум лийшаш огыл",
"translation": "you shouldn't show favoritism in work",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nepotism, favoritism/favouritism"
],
"links": [
[
"nepotism",
"nepotism"
],
[
"favoritism",
"favoritism"
],
[
"favouritism",
"favouritism"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) nepotism, favoritism/favouritism"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkum/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-um"
}
],
"word": "кум"
}
Download raw JSONL data for кум meaning in Eastern Mari (7.5kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: long form/predicative кумыт",
"path": [
"кум"
],
"section": "Eastern Mari",
"subsection": "numeral",
"title": "кум",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Eastern Mari dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-10-01 using wiktextract (19f9a30 and 6f96ddf). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.